Unit 4 Reports

# Write a report on various stages of a labour dispute, from early discontent through to a satisfactory solution.

Labor Disputes refer to controversy between an employer and its employees regarding the terms (such as conditions of employment, fringe benefits, hours or work, tenure, wages) to be negotiated during collective bargaining, or the implementation of already agreed upon terms.

Causes of Labour Disputes

1. Economic Causes

Economics causes of labor disputes are related to the variables consisting of interest disputes which are concerned with the economic condition of workers and management. The variables under it are as follows:

- Compensation

- Bonus

- Working conditions

- Industrial problem

2. Managerial Causes

The unfair labor practice by the management too lead to labor disputes. Sometimes, management performs insufficient and unfair policies and procedures to raise organizational profit. But such unfair practices enrage the workers and lead to labor disputes. They are reflected by:

- Non-recognition of unions

- Selection and development

- Job security

- Leadership style

- Communication

3. Political and Legal Causes

This refers to all political and legal forces that affect labor dispute in the organization. Political instability and poor legal procedures affect industrial peace to a large extent. Some of its components are:

- Political interference

- Union conflict

- Political change

4. Psychological Forces

Everyone has his/her own psychological feelings, attitudes and beliefs. This difference in beliefs and psychological aspects of individuals may bring some labor disputes in the organization. Some of the psychological causes are:

- Motivation

- Appreciation

- Authority and responsibility

- Unfair treatment 

Dispute Resolution

The ILO supports member States to strengthen machinery for labour disputes settlement, in line with international labour standards and in consultation with the social partners, by:

·      Establishing legal and regulatory frameworks;

·      Building effective dispute resolution systems and services within the labour administration and by independent statutory institutions and specialized labour courts;

·      Capacity building through specialized training focused on negotiation skills and conciliation / mediation skills, as well as on international labour standards;

·      Sharing knowledge and raising awareness in respect of the advantages of voluntary conciliation, mediation and arbitration mechanisms; and

·      Sharing experiences of labour court judges on issues of common interest and concern.

In theory, the labour dispute resolution system should be a linear process: consultation, mediation, arbitration, litigation in court of first instance, appeal, etc. It is believed, however, that the following list includes all of the usual approaches to settlement of a labor dispute:

(1)  Discussion and negotiation

(2)  Conciliation

(3) Mediation

(4)  Voluntary arbitration

(5)  Investigation and fact-finding

(6)  Compulsory arbitration

(7)  Court action

(8) Legislation

Conclusion

Labour disputes are a common phenomenon in industrial and business sector. The timely management of labour dispute can actually benefit both the parties. If the process is delayed than the both parties will suffer causing a huge loss to both sides. Therefore, timely management of labour disputes should be deliberated.

# A report on eating habits intended to encourage people to eat more sensibly.

Eating habits are very important for our personal health and hygiene. Poor eating habits will lead us to poor health and lack of energy to carry out even our basic daily works. Many people are facing problems of malnutrition not because of the lack of food but lack of knowledge of eating sensibly.

If you want to develop healthy eating habits you will have to learn a few simple things on healthy dieting for each day:

1. Be sure to have breakfast every morning. For breakfast is the most important meal for our metabolism. People who regularly eat in the morning are less likely to overeat at night. Proper breakfast gives you energy and helps to think and to work productively. People deprived the first meal are under stress and their body begin to use the energy received during lunch and dinner to create fat reserves. Do not skip breakfast!
2. Gradually exclude from your diet junk food: white sugar, bleached flour, trans fats,etc. (margarine pastries, mayonnaise, cream cheese, ice cream with vegetable fats, fast food, hot dogs, sausages, dairy desserts). Avoid commercially processed foods.
3. Drink plenty of water. On average, need to drink 8-10 glasses of water including the herbal infusions, green tea, broth hips. Fruits and vegetables contain structured water and can replenish your daily fluid needs. And be sure to start each morning with a glass of water.
4. Eat colorful vegetables every day. Vegetables with different colors give you different nutrients. Choose leafy greens, cabbage, broccoli, lettuce, red and orange vegetables – carrots, squash, peppers, tomatoes.
5. Choose fresh fruit, they have more benefits than fruit juice, especially packaged. Fruit juice contains little or absolutely no fiber. But a lot of sugar, preservatives, and dyes.
6. Pay attention to the useful herbs and salad dressings. Dress salad with sesame, pumpkin, or olive oil, add the lemon and fresh herbs (basil, thyme, oregano). Use in your diet only healthy fats and oils. Olive and flaxseed oil, avocados, nuts, seeds, olives, sea fish are all excellent sources of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals, and essential fatty acids, beneficial for the cardiovascular system.
7. Be careful with sweets. Limit foods and beverages containing sugar (ideally, exclude them).
8. Eat 4-5 times a day in small portions at the same time. Do not miss a single meal. Thus, you will provide a high rate of metabolic processes and good work of the digestive system. However, late in the evening give your body the opportunity to rest. The digestion process is also a job.
9. Remember that our food is not only a source of calories, but also has healing properties. Eat consciously. Choose healthy foods.

10.    It is important not only what we eat but also how we do it! Prepare food in a good mood! Eat at beautifully laid table in the company of positive people!

‘Health is wealth’ so be cautious about what you eat.

# Write a report on flexible study hours in your school.

Introduction:

Flexible learning focuses on offering students choices about when, where and how they learn. Our flexible study period means that you can set your own pace, making it easy to fit your studies around your schedule.

Our Programs:

At Oxford College, you can choose any of the two very important streams under HSEB, Nepal:

                + 2 Science &

                + 2 Management

These programs are offered in three different shifts considering the varied demands and needs of the students. The shifts are:

i)                     Morning Shift: 6:00 am –11:00 am

ii)                   Day Shift: 10:00 am – 3:00 pm

iii)                Evening Shift: 1:00 pm – 6:00 pm

Your learning at your own pace:

We, at Oxford College, believe that every student is unique and has his own way to learn things. With us, students can choose their own ways to learn and complete the course requirement. Our flexible schedule and individual attention from our able teachers, the students will be confident about their bright future.

Ever Ready Management & Administration:

Our management and administration deeply understand the needs and interests of our students. Our decision to provide flexible teaching hours is one attempt to make our students feel free to learn at their own will.

Command Your Learning

The whole team of Oxford College believes that the students themselves are the drivers of their own learning. Unless, the students are ready to learn, no one can really help. With students’ initiation, we are ever ready to help you in all the aspects of your learning.